Humans penis are getting smaller

We all have heard how human beings, we are damaging earth, adding more than 2000 chemicals every year. We get a bit of environment fatigue and helplessness hearing how ice caps are melting, more places are getting extreme weather and we need to reduce plastic.

Animals such as elephants are losing their habitats, polar bear swimming in water as ice berg melts. But hang on, we never talk about one thing – their reproductive health and all these environment whack we humans put on ourselves and the environment.

Well, researchers from Denmark, specially Aarhus university is showing data that links high levels of pollution and reproductive health.

The researchers, tested for a high toxic industrial compound call PCB and link to reproductive health of male polar bears. PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are highly toxic industrial compounds. These chemicals can build up in the fatty tissues of fish and other animals, and in high concentrations pose serious health risks to people who frequently eat contaminated fish.

If you haven’t read, PCB disrupts your body’s endocrine system, which disrupts your entire body of hormones and sexual health. It is very easy to understand and complicated to explain.

Many of the penis of animals contains a special bone, a real bone, called Baculum. Hedgehogs, cats, dogs, sea lions and even bats have it.

Researchers found endocrine-disrupting chemicals like PCB affects how the Baculum develops. For instance, there is a high likehihood between PCB and bone density of the Baculum bones. Any size reduction in the penis of these species can be less mating, less fertile encounters and weaker penis bone leads to fractures (Yes! Broken penis)

The researchers led by Dr. Christian Sonne, went all the way to do 279 X-rays of Polar bear’s penis bone (the Bacula). The bones were tested for calcium density, and other known endocrine disrupting chemicals.

According to Dr. Christian Soone, more chemicals, less penis bone, more fragile penis. It doesn’t help that these chemicals naturally get more concentrated in arctic environment.

The pollution also meant skinnier bears as bear rely more on their fat storage at the end of winters as climate change forces upon us irregular weather patterns.

Mother Bears are producing milk with higher levels of pollutants in their milk and passing it to their cubs.

It’s this combination of factors that poses the most pressing threat to the bears. “Bears are drawing down further into their fat stores for energy late in the fasting periods,” Dr. Andrew Derocher, scientific advisor to Polar Bears International and a University of Edmonton professor of biology, told me. As thinner bears draw down their fat stores due to above-average fasting, “the remaining pollution is released and circulates at higher levels. This means cubs getting milk from their mothers are getting higher doses of pollution and, for those bears that aren’t lactating, it means they have to deal with higher pollution levels.”

Embryo Tests

A New Last Chance 

There could soon be a baby-boom among women who thought they’d hit an IVF dead end.

Monica Halem calls it the “fertility train.” Every woman who embarks on a cycle of in vitro fertilization is familiar with the ride: the multiple cycles of hormonal stimulation, the pain of the injections, the discomfort and the bloating; then the delicate harvest of eggs to be fertilized outside the body, and the anxious wait for genetic testing on the embryos to make sure they have the right number of chromosomes before they are transferred back; and then, if all of the embryo tests come back abnormal, or the embryos don’t implant, or the pregnancy ends prematurely in miscarriage, the process starts all over again.

“It’s a lot of highs, right?” Halem says. “You’re getting excited, you’re ready. And then when it doesn’t work, which is more times than not, it’s a very low low. Such a depressing low. I mean, there’s-been-times-I-couldn’t-get-out-of-bed low.”

Read more about what happened to the embryos and results here:

https://www.thecut.com/2017/09/ivf-abnormal-embryos-new-last-chance.html

Your egg may not agree with your mating partner

Your egg might prefer some men’s sperm over others.

Microscopic mate choice

“Follicular fluid from one female was better at attracting sperm from one male, while follicular fluid from another female was better at attracting sperm from a different male,” said Professor Fitzpatrick.

“This shows that interactions between human eggs and sperm depend on the specific identity of the women and men involved.” 

The egg might have its own preference in type of sperm and it is exercised by follicular fluid. The egg might attract more sperm from a certain male and not always the partner. So is the egg the decision maker in fertilization or the sperm? We have always thought that the sperm swims towards the egg and therefore is the one choosing the egg. The egg basically is a passive participant, waiting for the sperm. However recent research shows there may more than meet the eye.

Perhaps it makes sense since the egg has to risk it all, get one sperm, implant and become a human, whereas the sperm are in millions, anyone of them wins, the male wins. To find out more about mating and reproductive behaviors and opportunities, read up more on Professor John Fitzpatrick’s research on reproductive behaviors, opportunities and trade offs (https://www.su.se/english/profiles/jfrit-1.253654).

“The idea that eggs are choosing sperm is really novel in human fertility,” said Professor Daniel Brison, the Scientific Director of the Department of Reproductive Medicine at Saint Marys’ Hospital, which is part of MFT, and the senior author of this study. 

The University of Manchester Honorary Professor added: “Research on the way eggs and sperm interact will advance fertility treatments and may eventually help us understand some of the currently ‘unexplained’ causes of infertility in couples.”

“I’d like to thank every person who took part in this study and contributed to these findings, which may benefit couples struggling with infertility in future.”

The article Chemical signals from eggs facilitate cryptic female choice in humans is published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.0805

Research was supported by the Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, the University of Manchester, the National Institutes of Health Research, a Knut and Alice Wallenberg Academy Fellowship, and a Wenner Gren Fellowship.

Source: https://www.su.se/english/research/human-eggs-prefer-some-men-s-sperm-over-others-research-shows-1.503532#:~:text=students%20and%20staff-,Human%20eggs%20prefer%20some%20men’s%20sperm%20over%20others%2C%20research%20shows,signals%20to%20%E2%80%9Cchoose%E2%80%9D%20sperm.

The Female Egg releases chemical and chooses her sperm

How does sperm response to follicle fluid?

“Mate choice can continue after mating via chemical communication between the female reproductive system and sperm. While there is a growing appreciation that females can bias sperm use and paternity by exerting cryptic female choice for preferred males, we know surprisingly little about the mechanisms underlying these post-mating choices. In particular, whether chemical signals released from eggs (chemoattractants) allow females to exert cryptic femqale choice to favour sperm from specific males remains an open question, particularly in species (including humans) where adults exercise pre-mating mate choice. Here, we adapt a classic dichotomous mate choice assay to the microscopic scale to assess gamete-mediated mate choice in humans.

We examined how sperm respond to follicular fluid, a source of human sperm chemoattractants, from either their partner or a non-partner female when experiencing …”

Source:

Chemical signals from eggs facilitate cryptic female choice in humans

JL Fitzpatrick, C Willis, A Devigili, A Young, M Carroll… – Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2020

Male Social Dominance and ejaculate quality

According to research published in Behavioral Ecology, February 2021, quality of the ‘creame’ and social dominance is linked.

Research shows that higher social status not only increase a male’s access to potential mates but also production of high quality ejaculation.

The research shows, social status influence ejaculate traits, regardless whether female are present.

Dominant male produce faster swimming and viable sperm.

Higher social status is expected to result in fitness benefits as it secures access to potential mates. In promiscuous species, male reproductive success is also determined by an individual’s ability to compete for fertilization after mating by producing high-quality ejaculates. However, the complex relationship between a male’s investment in social status and ejaculates remains unclear. Here, we examine how male social status influences ejaculate quality under a range of social contexts in the pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys collettei, a small, group-living, internally fertilizing freshwater fish. We show that male social status influences ejaculate traits, both in the presence and absence of females. Dominant males produced faster swimming and more viable sperm, two key determinants of ejaculate quality, but only under conditions with frequent male–male behavioral interactions. When male–male interactions were experimentally reduced through the addition of a refuge, differences in ejaculate traits of dominant and subordinate males disappeared. Furthermore, dominant males were in a better condition, growing faster, and possessing larger livers, highlighting a possible condition dependence of competitive traits. Contrary to expectations, female presence or absence did not affect sperm swimming speed or testes mass. Together, these results suggest a positive relationship between social status and ejaculate quality in halfbeaks and highlight that the strength of behavioral interactions between males is a key driver of social-status-dependent differences in ejaculate traits.

For more information, find research paper from

https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/32/1/168/6008100?login=true

Male-male behavioral interactions drive social-dominance-mediated differences in ejaculate traits.

Charel ReulandBrett M CulbertErika Fernlund IsakssonAriel F KahrlAlessandro DevigiliJohn L FitzpatrickBehavioral Ecology, Volume 32, Issue 1, January/February 2021, Pages 168–177, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa118